What is R?

Introduction to R

R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues. R can be considered as a different implementation of S. There are some important differences, but much code written for S runs unaltered under R.

R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modelling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, …) and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible. The S language is often the vehicle of choice for research in statistical methodology, and R provides an Open Source route to participation in that activity.

One of R’s strengths is the ease with which well-designed publication-quality plots can be produced, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. Great care has been taken over the defaults for the minor design choices in graphics, but the user retains full control.

R is available as Free Software under the terms of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU General Public License in source code form. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms and similar systems (including FreeBSD and Linux), Windows and MacOS.

The R environment

R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. It includes

an effective data handling and storage facility,
a suite of operators for calculations on arrays, in particular matrices,
a large, coherent, integrated collection of intermediate tools for data analysis,
graphical facilities for data analysis and display either on-screen or on hardcopy, and
a well-developed, simple and effective programming language which includes conditionals, loops, user-defined recursive functions and input and output facilities.

The term “environment” is intended to characterize it as a fully planned and coherent system, rather than an incremental accretion of very specific and inflexible tools, as is frequently the case with other data analysis software.

R, like S, is designed around a true computer language, and it allows users to add additional functionality by defining new functions. Much of the system is itself written in the R dialect of S, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made. For computationally-intensive tasks, C, C++ and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C code to manipulate R objects directly.

Many users think of R as a statistics system. We prefer to think of it of an environment within which statistical techniques are implemented. R can be extended (easily) via packages. There are about eight packages supplied with the R distribution and many more are available through the CRAN family of Internet sites covering a very wide range of modern statistics.

R has its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both on-line in a number of formats and in hardcopy.

1. RBI’s open market operation transactions are carried out with a view to regulate— (A) Liquidity in the economy (B) Prices of essential commodities (C) Inflation (D) Borrowing power of the banks (E) All the above
2. When more than one banks are allowing credit facilities to one party in coordination with each other under a formal arrangement, the arrangement is generally known as— (A) Participation (B) Consortium (C) Syndication (D) Multiple banking (E) None of these
3. Open market operations, one of the measures taken by RBI in order to control credit expansion in the economy means — (A) Sale or purchase of Govt. securities (B) Issuance of different types of bonds (C) Auction of gold (D) To make available direct finance to borrowers (E) None of these
4. The bank rate means— (A) Rate of interest charged by commercial banks from borrowers (B) Rate of interest at which commercial banks discounted bills of their borrowers (C) Rate of interest allowed by commercial banks on their deposits (D) Rate at which RBI purchases or rediscounts bills of exchange of commercial banks (E) None of these
5. What is an Indian Depository Receipt ? (A) A deposit account with a Public Sector Bank (B) A depository account with any of Depositories in India (C) An instrument in the form of depository receipt created by an Indian depository against underlying equity shares of the issuing company (D) An instrument in the form of deposit receipt issued by Indian depositories (E) None of these
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
6. An instrument that derives its value from a specified underlying (currency, gold, stocks etc.) is known as— (A) Derivative (B) Securitisation Receipts (C) Hedge Fund (D) Factoring (E) Venture Capital Funding
7. Fiscal deficit is— (A) total income less Govt. borrowing (B) total payments less total receipts (C) total payments less capital receipts (D) total expenditure less total receipts excluding borrowing (E) None of these
8. In the Capital Market, the term arbitrage is used with reference to— (A) purchase of securities to cover the sale (B) sale of securities to reduce the loss on purchase (C) simultaneous purchase and sale of securities to make profits from price (D) variation in different markets (E) Any of the above
9. Reverse repo means— (A) Injecting liquidity by the Central Bank of a country through purchase of Govt. securities (B) Absorption of liquidity from the market by sale of Govt. securities (C) Balancing liquidity with a view to enhancing economic growth rate (D) Improving the position of availability of the securities in the market (E) Any of the above
10. The stance of RBI monetary policy is— (A) inflation control with adequate liquidity for growth (B) improving credit quality of the Banks (C) strengthening credit delivery mechanism (D) supporting investment demand in the economy (E) Any of the above
11. Currency Swap is an instrument to manage— (A) Currency risk (B) interest rate risk (C) currency and interest rate risk (D) cash flows in different currencies (E) All of the above
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
12. ‘Sub-prime’ refers to— (A) lending done by banks at rates below PLR (B) funds raised by the banks at sub-Libor rates (C) Group of banks which are not rated as prime banks as per Banker’s Almanac (D) lending done by financing institutions including banks to customers not meeting with normally required credit appraisal standards (E) All of the above
13. Euro Bond is an instrument— (A) issued in the European market (B) issued in Euro Currency (C) issued in a country other than the country of the currency of the Bond (D) All of the above (E) None of these
14. Money Laundering normally involves— (A) placement of funds (B) layering of funds (C) integration of funds (D) All of (A), (B) and (C) (E) None of (A), (B) and (C)
15. The IMF and the World Bank were conceived as institutions to— (A) strengthen international economic co-operation and to help create a more stable and prosperous global economy (B) IMF promotes international monetary cooperation (C) The World Bank promotes long term economic development and poverty reduction (D) All of (A), (B) and (C) (E) None of (A), (B) and (C)
16. Capital Market Regulator is— (A) RBI (B) IRDA (C) NSE (D) BSE (E) SEBI
17. In the term BRIC, R stands for— (A) Romania (B) Rajithan (C) Russia (D) Regulation (E) None of these
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
18. FDI refers to— (A) Fixed Deposit Interest (B) Fixed Deposit Investment (C) Foreign Direct Investment (D) Future Derivative Investment (E) None of these
19. What is Call Money ? (A) Money borrowed or lent for a day or over night (B) Money borrowed for more than one day but upto 3 days (C) Money borrowed for more than one day but upto 7 days (D) Money borrowed for more than one day but upto 14 days (E) None of these
20. Which is the first Indian company to be listed in NASDAQ ? (A) Reliance (B) TCS (C) HCL (D) Infosys (E) None of these
21. Which of the following is the Regulator of the credit rating agencies in India ? (A) RBI (B) SBI (C) SIDBI (D) SEBI (E) None of these
22. Who is Brand Endorsing Personality of Bank of Baroda ? (A) Juhi Chawla (B) Kiran Bedi (C) Amitabh Bachchan (D) Kapil Dev (E) None of these
23. The branding line of Bank of Baroda is— (A) International Bank of India (B) India’s International Bank (C) India’s Multinational Bank (D) World’s local Bank (E) None of these
24. The logo of Bank of Baroda is known as— (A) Sun of Bank of Baroda
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
(B) Baroda Sun (C) Bank of Baroda’s Rays (D) Sunlight of Bank of Baroda (E) None of these
25. Which of the following statements(s) is/are True about the exports of China which is a close competitor of India ? (i) China’s economic success is basically on the fact that it exports cheaper goods to rich nations like the USA, etc. (ii) In the year 2007 China’s exports became almost 40% of its GDP. (iii) When compared to India China’s share in the World Exports is more than 30% whereas India’s share is mere 6% of the global exports. (A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) (C) Both (i) and (ii) (D) All (i), (ii) and (iii) (E) None of these
26. One of the major challenges banking industry is facing these days is money laundering. Which of the following acts/norms are launched by the banks to prevent money laundering in general ? (A) Know Your Customer Norms (B) Banking Regulation Act (C) Negotiable Instrument Act (D) Narcotics and Psychotropic Substance Act (E) None of these
27. Lot of Banks in India these days are offering M-Banking Facility to their customers. What is the full form of ‘M’ in ‘M-Banking’ ? (A) Money (B) Marginal (C) Message (D) Mutual Fund (E) Mobile Phone
28. Which of the following is/are true about the ‘Sub-Prime Crisis’ ? (The term was very much in news recently.) (i) It is a mortgage crisis referring to credit default by the borrowers. (ii) Sub-Prime borrowers were those borrowers who were rated low and were high risk borrowers. (iii) This crisis originated because of negligence in credit rating of the borrowers. (A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) (C) Only (iii)
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
(D) All (i), (ii) and (iii) (E) None of these
29. Which of the following is not the part of the structure of the Financial System in India ? (A) Industrial Finance (B) Agricultural Finance (C) Government Finance (D) Development Finance (E) Personal Finance
30. Which of the following is not the part of the scheduled banking structure in India ? (A) Money Lenders (B) Public Sector Banks (C) Private Sector Banks (D) Regional Rural Banks (E) State Co-operative Banks
31. As we all know Govt. of India collects tax revenue on various activities in the country. Which of the following is a part of the tax revenue of the Govt. ? (i) Tax on Income (ii) Tax on Expenditure (iii) Tax on Property or Capital Asset (iv) Tax on Goods and Services (A) Both (i) and (iii) only (B) Both (ii) and (iv) only (C) All (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (D) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv) (E) None of these
32. We very frequently read about Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in newspapers. These SEZs were established with which of the following objectives ? (i) To attract foreign investment directly. (ii) To protect domestic market from direct competition from multinationals. (iii) To provide more capital to agricultural and allied activities. (A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) (C) Only (iii) (D) All (i), (ii) and (iii) (E) None of these
33. Which of the following groups of countries has almost 50% share in global emission of carbon every year ? (A) US, China, India, South Africa
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
(B) India, China, Russia, Britain (C) South Africa, Nepal, Myanmar (D) US, Russia, China & India (E) None of these
34. Which of the following correctly describes the concept of ‘Nuclear Bank’ floated by International Atomic Energy Agency ? (i) It is a nuclear fuel bank to be shared by all the nations jointly. (ii) It is a facility to help nations in enrichment of uranium. (iii) It is an agency which will keep a close vigil on the nuclear programme of all the nations. (A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) (C) Both (i) and (iii) only (D) Only (iii) (E) Both (i) and (ii) only
35. Many times we read about Future Trading in newspapers. What is ‘Future Trading’ ? (i) It is nothing but a trade between any two stock exchanges wherein it is decided to purchase the stocks of each other on a fixed price throughout the year. (ii) It is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an underlying asset in the future at a predetermined price. (iii) It is an agreement between stock exchanges that they will not trade the stocks of each other under any circumstances in future or for a given period of time. (A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) (C) Only (iii) (D) All (i), (ii) and (iii) (E) None of these
36. Inflation in India is measured on which of the following indexes/indicators ? (A) Cost of Living Index (COLI) (B) Consumer Price Index (CPI) (C) Gross Domestic Product (D) Wholesale Price Index (WPI) (E) None of these
37. As per the reports published in the newspapers a section of society staged a demonstration at the venue of the G-8 Summit recently. What was/were the issues towards which these demonstrators were trying to draw the attention of G-8 leaders ? (i) Food shortage which has taken 50 million people in its grip. (ii) Inflation which has gone up substantially across the Globe. (iii) USA’s consistent presence in Iraq.
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
(A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) (C) Only (iii) (D) Both (i) and (ii) only (E) None of these
38. Hillary Clinton formally suspended her campaign to ensure election of who amongst the following for the next President of USA ? (A) George Bush (B) Barack Obama (C) John McCain (D) Bill Clinton (E) None of these
39. Hugo Chavez whose name was recently in news is the— (A) President of Congo (B) Prime Minister of Uganda (C) President of Venezuela (D) Prime Minister of Brazil (E) None of these
40. The Govt. of India has raised the amount of the Loan Waiver to the farmers by 20%. Now the amount is nearly— (A) Rs. 60,000 crore (B) Rs. 65,000 crore (C) Rs. 72,000 crore (D) Rs. 76,000 crore (E) Rs. 80,000 crore
41. Delimitation Commission has made a recommendation that next Census should be Panchayat-wise. When is the next Census due ? (A) 2010 (B) 2011 (C) 2012 (D) 2013 (E) 2015
42. The World Health Organisation has urged that advertisements of which of the following should be banned to protect youth from bad effects of the same ? (A) Tobacco (B) Alcoholic drinks (C) Junk Food
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
(D) Soft drinks with chemical preservatives (E) None of these
43. Which of the following countries has allocated a huge amount of US $ 10 billion to provide relief to its earthquake victims ? (A) Japan (B) South Korea (C) China (D) South Africa (E) None of these
44. India and Nepal have many agreements on sharing of the water of various rivers. Which of the following rivers is not covered under these agreements ? (A) Kosi (B) Gandak (C) Ganga (D) Mahakali (E) All these rivers are covered
45. Which of the following names is not closely associated with space programme of India or any other country ? (A) CARTOSAT (B) NLS – 5 (C) RUBIN – 8 (D) GSLV (E) SCOPE
46. Vijay Hazare Trophy is associated with the game of— (A) Hockey (B) Cricket (C) Badminton (D) Football (E) Golf
47. Which of the following was the theme of the Olympic Torch ? (A) Journey of Harmony (B) Green World Clean World (C) Journey of Peace (D) Journey for Hunger-free World (E) None of these
48. Which of the following schemes is not a social development Scheme ? (A) Indira Awas Yojana (B) Mid Day Meal
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
Bank of Baroda PO Question Paper by www.questionpaperz.in
(C) Bharat Nirman Yojana (D) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (E) All are social schemes
49. Which of the following is not a member of the ASEAN ? (A) Malaysia (B) Indonesia (C) Vietnam (D) Britain (E) Singapore
50. Which of the following Awards are given for excellence in the field of Sports ? (A) Kalinga Prize (B) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award (C) Arjun Award (D) Pulitzer Prize (E) None of these
Answers : 1. (E) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (D) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (E) 11. (D) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (D) 16. (E) 17. (C) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (D) 21. (D) 22. (E) 23. (B) 24. (B) 25. (C) 26. (E) 27. (E) 28. (D) 29. (E) 30. (A) 31. (C) 32. (A) 33. (D) 34. (B) 35. (B) 36. (D) 37. (B) 38. (B) 39. (C) 40. (A) 41. (B) 42. (A) 43. (C) 44. (C) 45. (E) 46. (B) 47. (A) 48. (C) 49. (D) 50. (C